Inspectors Without a Caliph: The Quiet Rise of Private Islamic Market Governance in America
Across the United States, halal certifiers, shariah boards, and zakat-verified fintech platforms are performing regulatory work that classical Islamic theory assigned to the state. This quiet ecosystem of private governance may be the most functioning experiment in Islamic administration on American soil — and it raises hard questions about authority, accountability, and what hisba means without a caliph.